Residuos agroindustriales en hormigones sostenibles
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5377/Palabras clave:
Residuos agrícolas, hormigón, materiales de construcción, desarrollo sostenible, puzolanasResumen
La fabricación de cemento Portland contribuye entre el 8 % y el 10 % de las emisiones de dióxido de carbono de origen antropogénico a nivel global, por lo que la búsqueda de materiales cementantes suplementarios de menor impacto ambiental es una prioridad para la construcción sostenible. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar, mediante una revisión sistemática documental, la evidencia reciente sobre el uso de cenizas de residuos agroindustriales - cáscara de arroz, bagazo de caña de azúcar, mazorca de maíz, residuos de olivo, palma aceitera, café, trigo, cacahuete, coco y bambú, entre otros - como sustitutos parciales del cemento en hormigones y morteros sostenibles. La revisión se desarrolló siguiendo la guía PRISMA 2020 y criterios explícitos de inclusión y exclusión, permitiendo evaluar cualitativamente 35 estudios publicados entre 2023 y 2025, seleccionados a partir de 312 registros identificados en bases de datos académicas. Los resultados muestran que las cenizas agroindustriales obtenidas por calcinación controlada presentan alta actividad puzolánica debido a su contenido de sílice amorfa, lo que favorece el incremento de la resistencia mecánica a largo plazo, la reducción de la permeabilidad, la absorción de agua y la penetración de cloruros, así como una mayor durabilidad frente a ambientes agresivos, especialmente con reemplazos de 5 % a 20 %. Se presentan, además, tablas de síntesis sobre los residuos más estudiados y los rangos de sustitución recomendados. En conjunto, la evidencia revisada indica que los residuos agroindustriales constituyen una alternativa técnica y ambientalmente viable para reducir la huella de carbono del sector construcción y fortalecer estrategias de economía circular.
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