La Revista Científica Estelí: medio ambiente, tecnología y desarrollo humano, es una publicación electrónica en la web de publicación y acceso gratuito. Es una publicación trimestral y editada por el Centro Universitario Regional de Estelí, UNAN-Managua/CUR-Estelí. Esta revista tiene el propósito de compartir las experiencias de investigación que desarrollan investigadores, docentes y estudiantes.
Centro Universitario Regional de Estelí. UNAN-Managua/CUR-Estelí
Copyright (c) 2025 Revista Científica Estelí https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Insecticide resistance through molecular assays in Anopheles albimanus in the Northern Caribbean Coast of Nicaragua
Malaria is a tropical disease caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium spp. and is transmitted by mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles spp. and is a worldwide public health problem (WHO, 2022). In Nicaragua, most cases occur in the Caribbean Coast and despite the efforts made by the Ministry of Health, its frequency has increased in recent years. This is due to several factors, including the presence of insecticide resistance genes in mosquitoes associated with the historical use of pyrethroids in control interventions. Therefore, the present study had the purpose of evaluating insecticide resistance through the development of molecular assays in Anopheles albimanus in the Alemán neighborhood of the municipality of Puerto Cabezas, Northern Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region in the second semester of 2022. It is a quantitative, analytical, cross-sectional study, the sample consisted of female Anopheles albimanus mosquitoes collected in the Alemán neighborhood. Biological tests, enzyme activity tests and molecular tests were used to determine susceptibility and mechanisms of resistance to insecticides. Resistance to etofenprox was reported with a 53% mortality rate and to deltamethrin with a 29% mortality rate. The Anopheles albimanus presented a metabolic mechanism partially involved for Etofenprox and totally involved for Deltamethrin. It was found that 79% possess the kdr mutation which confers resistance to pyrethroid insecticides. In Nicaragua, resistance to insecticides associated with the kdr mutation is reported. It is necessary to continue surveillance and monitoring of insecticide resistance through the systematic application of biological, molecular and enzymatic tests for the creation of an insecticide rotation program.
Perspectives of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises in the Latin American and Mexican context
Micro, small and medium-sized enterprises are industrial, commercial or any other type of organization characterized by limited human and financial capital. The objective of the article was to analyze the importance of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises, as well as the main problems they present in the context of Latin America and Mexico. The research design is exploratory and descriptive. A literature review was carried out in the main search engines of scientific publications such as scopus, google academic, elsevier and web of science. As a result of the analysis of the information, it was identified that micro, small and medium-sized enterprises are the main generators of employment in both Latin American and Mexican economies. In addition, they are responsible for providing basic income to families for their subsistence; however, these types of companies do not remain in the market for a long period of time and those that do survive do not find growth processes. It is concluded that micro, small and medium-sized enterprises must have well-defined strategic development plans to promote their growth and consolidate them in the market.
Validity of a procedure for the management of economic risk in constructive investments, Cuba
The elaboration of a procedure for economic risk management in the total cost of constructive investments was the result of a theoretical, methodological and practical development. This procedure is based on a systematic process that analyzes, estimates and evaluates risks and requires, for its implementation, proven levels of validity, reliability and applicability. The study carried out by this group of authors used theoretical methods of scientific research and mathematical modeling, which made it possible to establish reliable deductions and a logical sequence in each of the phases of the procedure. In addition, the Ladov’s Logical Table technique was included, which made it possible to evaluate the level of satisfaction with the procedure from the point of view of experts. The objective of the study was to validate the reliability and applicability of an economic risk management procedure in constructive investments by means of modeling techniques and expert criteria. The results show the validity of the mixed approach used (quantitative complemented with qualitative), which provides benefits such as consistency in the process and satisfaction on the part of experts with respect to the structure and contributions of the proposed model. As a result, we were able to validate an effective instrument that, from its estimation phase, allows to economically foresee the amount necessary within a constructive investment to assume the identified risks.
Marketing strategies for customer loyalty in three supermarkets in 2024, located in the city of Estelí, Nicaragua
The objective of this research is to analyze the marketing strategies applied by Palí, Las Segovias and Del Hogar supermarkets located in the city of Estelí, and to propose strategies focused on improving their customer loyalty capacity. According to the object of study, it is an applied research and, from a philosophical approach, it is a quali-quantitative or mixed research. The study universe comprises three supermarkets dedicated to the commercialization of basic consumer goods and products in the city of Estelí. A total of 365 customer surveys and semi-structured interviews were conducted with managers, customers and staff of the supermarkets studied. The results showed that, although the supermarkets share general policies, each one adapts its organization and communication to adapt strategies to meet the needs of its customers and take advantage of internal strengths. Customers value promotions and service quality positively, demonstrating that personalized attention and quality are essential for customer loyalty. Strategies for improvement adapted to each supermarket studied are proposed.
Incident factors in school dropout in the educational centers of the Municipality of Choluteca, Honduras
The objective of this article is to identify the factors that influence school dropout among students in the third cycle of basic education in the municipality of Choluteca, department of Choluteca, Honduras. It was a mixed approach study, combining qualitative and quantitative approaches. For the collection of information, instruments such as surveys and interviews were applied to school principals, teachers and parents in this municipality. The universe is made up of 3,148 students who attended the third cycle of basic education in 25 educational institutions. The sample included 145 students from all government schools in the municipality of Choluteca. The finite population formula was used to calculate the sample, with a confidence level of 95%. The sampling was carried out by convenience, selecting the participants or students who dropped out in the third school year of 2023. As main results, it was found that the predominant factors in school dropout identified and highlighted by parents and teachers are the economic situation, migration and the need to work. School principals, in addition to the same factors mentioned by teachers and parents, highlight possible communication gaps or divergent perspectives in the educational environment. Other important factors for school dropout are family disintegration and the need to enter the labor market at a very early age.
Teaching experience of beginning teachers in Natural Sciences, UNAN-Managua/CUR-Estelí, Nicaragua
This article examines the teaching experience and the construction of the professional identity of beginning teachers graduating in 2017, 2019 and 2022 from the Natural Sciences career at UNAN-Managua / CUR-Estelí, considering the factors that facilitate or hinder their insertion in the educational field. The research approach is mixed. The data collection techniques applied were interview, survey and observation. We worked in a study universe of 86 participants and a sample of 13 teachers. The main results of this research highlight the professional knowledge acquired by teachers, which includes competencies in teaching-learning, planning and evaluation. Although many teachers demonstrated a growing mastery of didactic strategies and constant updating, they faced challenges related to time management, discipline control and adaptation of methods to students’ needs. However, there was evidence of facilitating factors, such as the support of colleagues, pedagogical innovation and commitment to continuous training, which contribute to strengthening their professional identity. The research highlights the gap between university training and teaching practice, pointing out the importance of improving institutional support and mentoring during the first years of work. It concludes that, despite difficulties, beginning teachers develop adaptive skills and a constant improvement approach that favors a dynamic and effective educational environment.
Skeletal muscle disorders associated with dysergonomic postures in dental practice
Dentistry is a highly demanding profession, because in daily professional practice it requires prolonged working time; where the functions performed by the dentist involve maintaining static or dynamic positions, accompanied by repetitive movements, to which is added the use of vibrating or rotating instruments and application of forces depending on the type of treatment, which can cause an inadvertent adoption of dysergonomic postures that after a while become part of the work routine and can develop skeletal muscle disorders (MSD’S). It is important to have a clear knowledge of these disorders, both students and dental professionals, which will be reflected in a better quality of life and therefore better care for their patients. The methodology applied consisted of a bibliographic review in the scientific database of Google Scholar and at the same time journals such as Scielo and international dental university journals were visited, with the aim of continuing to give importance to MSDs and motivating the development of future research to solve this health problem. From this bibliographic review it is concluded that there is an inadequate adoption of postures in dentists worldwide and that MSDs can end up putting the health of the professional at risk to the point of causing early retirement from the profession, knowing that the most frequent disorders are musculoskeletal pain (MSP), carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) and shoulder tendinitis.
Effects of a massage therapy program on the physical-emotional well-being of staff members of the Adventist University of Chile
Stress and poor posture are pathological manifestations that disturb health and affect daily work life. This problem is particularly relevant among the employees of the Universidad Adventista de Chile, since its repercussions are not limited to the work environment, but also extend to the personal level. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of a massage therapy program on the physical and emotional well-being of employees of the Adventist University of Chile in a situation of stress and/or poor posture. The participants were employees of the institution who voluntarily attended the open call for the Complementary Massage Therapy Workshop ‘People taking care of People’. The intervention involved a mixed work, applying the visual analog scale and unstructured interviews to the beneficiaries, with a longitudinal design, and duration of 8 weeks, being non-experimental. The program turned out to be positive, as the intervention was multifocal, the participants had adherence throughout the intervention, and reported benefits in their physical-emotional health, such as: improvement of sleep, abandonment of sleeping pills, feeling of rest, reduction of localized and generalized muscle tension, reduction of back and headaches, feeling of tranquility, improvement in standing and sitting posture, among others of relevance. In conclusion, this type of integral intervention favors the state of health of the participants, promotes adherence to treatment and improves movement performance in working conditions and in daily life. Therefore, it is recommended the implementation of the program in conditions of greater convocation and amplitude.
Expectation on quality of care for users at the Tipitapa polyclinic of the Hospital Militar Escuela Dr. Alejandro Dávila Bolaños, Nicaragua 2022
The objective of this study was to identify users’ expectations about the quality of health care received in the outpatient clinic of Policlínica Tipitapa, belonging to the Hospital Militar Escuela Dr. Alejandro Dávila Bolaños, in Managua, Nicaragua, during the period august - november 2022. The type of research is observational, descriptive and cross-sectional. The study universe consisted of 4000 users attended in the year 2022, from which a sample of 325 users was selected, with a confidence index of 95%. The instrument used was a survey, adapted from the Servqual health services questionnaire. The main results show that 36.6% of the respondents were between 31 and 50 years old, and 54.97% were women. In terms of service expectations, 78% of users highlighted quality of care as a key aspect. Regarding the perceived quality of care, 92.2% said it was excellent; 95.6% stated that they had experienced a high degree of trust generated by the physician, and 73.1% rated the application of quality and safety standards during care as outstanding. Regarding the effectiveness of medical care, 87.6% rated it as excellent and 88.1% considered the responsiveness to be outstanding. The response capacity expected by the Tipitapa Polyclinic was one of the best rated, with 95% of those who said they expected an agile service, and regarding signage and infrastructure, the result was 97.2%. It is concluded that the generation of trust by the physician was the most highly valued aspect of the expectations, followed by the capacity of response expected by the users, and in third place, the quality of care at the time of entering the Policlinica Tipitapa was considered excellent.
Reproductive biology of the pinto guapote Parachromis managuensis (“Gunter 1867”̈) in Caño Negro - Mahogany Wetlands, El Rama, Nicaragua
There are very few studies of reproductive biology of fish species of commercial importance in Nicaragua. That is why the main interest of this research is to study the aspects related to the reproductive biology of the guapote pinto (Parachromis managuensis) in the Mahogany Wetlands Municipal Ecological Park. Data were collected from 122 specimens captured in the study area for one year, of which 26 gonads of mature females (EMIII) were analyzed, to finally corroborate whether the species presents a single spawning or multiple spawning. It was found that the average Female and Male (F:M) ratio was 1H: 0.6M, with the average total length of this sample being 19.7 cm and 152.11 g of weight. In general, males reached larger sizes and weights compared to females. Absolute fertility (AF) was 2468 oocytes, while average fertility (Fx) was 2450 oocytes with an average diameter of 1.86 (+/- 0.10 mm): with a 95% confidence limit. The relationship between weight W and furcal length LF (W=0.39*LF1.96), the potential model explains 84% of the variability in weight, presenting a negative allometric growth. The sexual maturity height of 50% of the population (L50%M) was 12.2 cm in females and 17.8 cm in males. The breeding season was identified to occur in May, July, and September, with a maximum gonadosomatic index (IGS) of 4.3 in July. In addition, it was determined that the number of oocytes increases with the size of the female, estimating an increase of 166 oocytes for each additional centimeter of length. The protection of this species is recommended by reducing fishing in the spawning areas, during the reproductive season.
Analysis of flooding in basin number 9529319-6 (Río Seco) of the pacific of Nicaragua, using the HEC-RAS model
Nicaragua’s vulnerability to disasters was exposed with the passage of Hurricane Mitch in October 1998, which led the Nicaraguan State to establish in March 2000 a comprehensive system for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) called the “National System for Disaster Prevention, Mitigation and Response (SINAPRED) (IFRC, Disaster Risk Reduction). 2013, p. 5). The municipality of Nagarote is exposed to both natural and man-made threats; mainly associated with hydrometeorological phenomena. In a risk level classification carried out in 151 municipalities in Nicaragua, Nagarote ranks 14th, where position 1 represents the highest risk. The main threats in the area are drought, rated at the highest level, followed by the risk of floods and seismic activity (ENACAL, 2019, p.60). In addition, the lack of detailed mapping prevents the precise identification of the affected areas and the extent of the surface water surface. Against this background, this study carries out an analysis of flooding in the basin, with the aim of spatially identifying the most vulnerable areas and the level of the surface water surface. To this end, hydrological modelling was used using geographic information systems and the HEC-GeoRAS tool, simulating scenarios for return periods of 10 and 25 years. The main results indicate that the areas with the highest exposure to flooding correspond to the most populated areas of the municipality. Similarly, most of the dry river is unable to channel the waters, which causes flooding on both banks of the river where water velocities range from 01 to 39 m/s, while the surface water varies between 1 and 3 meters in height in some areas of the watershed. That is why the identification of flood zones in the event of an extreme event is of great importance in territorial planning and risk management, especially in highly exposed municipalities in Nicaragua.
Logistics management and labor productivity of employees of a regional government, Peru
The objective of the research was to determine the relationship between logistics management and labor productivity of employees of the Regional Government of Arequipa, Peru, 2023. A quantitative approach, non-experimental design and correlational scope were used. A questionnaire of 15 questions on the Likert scale was applied to 28 employees from the heritage and warehouse areas of the Logistics Office. The reliability of the questionnaire was evaluated with Cronbach’s alpha coefficient (α = 0.848), thus demonstrating high reliability. Content validation with experts showed high validity of the instrument (0.875). The results of Spearman’s Rho coefficient equivalent to 0.769 with p < 0.001, show a positive and high correlation between the variables analyzed. The analysis of interpretation scale reveals that the respondents have a positive perception of Variable 1: logistics management and Variable 2: labor productivity, whose values vary between [34 - 45] and [23 - 30] respectively. The evaluation of logistics management was mostly positive, but divergent views on labour productivity highlight the need to improve professional development and staff training. Although the dimensions of supply and storage were well evaluated, the distribution showed a lower perception. Likewise, information and communication technologies (ICT) and knowledge management were positively evaluated, but with opportunities for improvement in certain aspects. Among the most solid indicators of the system are the reception of requirements, supply control and efficiency in ICT processes. However, weaknesses in labor connectivity and procurement processes require attention. In conclusion, a significant relationship between logistics management and labor productivity was confirmed, highlighting the importance of strengthening key areas to maximize organizational performance.
Interactive-systemic model for the strengthening of written competence in secondary education students, Managua, Nicaragua
Written competence in high school students has been a topic of study, due to its importance in meeting academic demands. Students must write various types of texts as part of their training, in accordance with the curriculum of the fifth cycle of secondary school established by the Ministry of Education. This study is relevant, since secondary school teachers must continuously update themselves in strategies and techniques for teaching written expression. The purpose of this research is to determine the main deficiencies that tenth grade students have based on the mastery of the phases of the writing process (planning, textualization and review). For this, a qualitative approach was adopted, under the interpretative paradigm and it is a descriptive research design. Synthetic, deductive, and inductive methods of analysis were used. The sample, selected in a non-probabilistic way, was made up of 125 students from the three groups of tenth grade of secondary school of the Villa Libertad School and 14 students from a Hermano Tom Patterson Private School of the D-VII of Managua. A diagnostic test was applied, and it was possible to verify that students in the tenth grade of secondary education do not manage written expression, presenting difficulties in planning texts, the organization of ideas, coherence, and conciseness, they do not have fluency and clarity in their writing. The performance of the diagnostic test reflected that the state of written competence in students must be improved. Likewise, a didactic sequence was applied, a questionnaire to students, interviews with teachers who work in the different subsystems and educational entities, both public and private. As a result of the study, it is concluded that it is necessary to propose didactic models of action such as the Systemic Interactive Model to obtain significant learning in written expression.
Management of the English Language teaching and learning process at Bluefields Indian & Caribbean University, Nicaragua
The study analyzes the management of the teaching-learning process of the English language in students of the Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences of the Bluefields Indian & Caribbean University (BICU). With an observational, qualitative-quantitative, descriptive, and cross-sectional approach, the research included semi-structured interviews with teachers and students, in addition to a survey applied to 32 students. Based on Herbert Blumer’s Symbolic Interactionism, the findings reveal that, although teachers demonstrate the ability and willingness to implement learning strategies, there are areas for improvement related to student motivation and the use of educational technologies. A significant proportion of students perceive deficiencies in key skills such as reading, comprehension, pronunciation, and writing. The correlation between teachers’ perceptions and student progress suggests that class structure has a significant influence on learning. In terms of academic performance, most students are at a regular level, although there are opportunities to strengthen language skills, adapt methodologies and improve educational infrastructure. In conclusion, it is recommended to design an interdisciplinary and contextualized management model for the English department at BICU. This model should focus on curriculum, programs, linkage and implementation of innovative and motivating strategies, along with the effective use of ICTs. Continuous teacher training is essential to meet today’s educational challenges. In addition, it is suggested to implement internships that guarantee an adequate renewal of the faculty.
Public health and its relationship with urban growth in hospital care in Mexico City, Mexico
The objective of this study is to analyze the problem of medical care provided by public health services and its relationship with urban management in Mexico City, focusing on insufficient hospital capacity. Methodologically focused studies relate urbanism and health were examined, mapping of the main hospital areas that have a high permanent number of patients. As a result, the cartography for the construction of new health centers was obtained according to the number of people living in the municipalities. This seeks to mitigate the limited capacity of public hospital care services granted according to urban growth. It is concluded that the application of this mapping can be extended in all municipalities, including in other states and in various countries that face similar problems at the intersection between urban planning and health. However, areas for improvement were identified, including the need to address specific diseases that also contribute to hospital collapse.
Occupational risks in health personnel: a literature review
Hospital occupational risks are within the same classification as occupational risks as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) these can be classified into physical, chemical, ergonomic, biological, and psychosocial risks, capable of producing accidents and occupational diseases at the hospital level. It should be noted that ,the risks are present according to the task performed, in such a way that they can be considered dangerous for health personnel. The objective of this documentary review is to identify the risks to which workers are exposed, determining the capacity of institutions in the management of occupational risks in hospitals to protect health personnel. An analytical, qualitative, and descriptive review was carried out, applying the PRISMA method to carry out this review. EBSCO, Scielo, Google Scholar, PudMed, Cochrane, Mendeley was also used as a bibliographic manager, Boolean operators and keywords were used as meta search engines. The main results in this documentary review show that fifty percent of the articles analyzed proposed strategies to mitigate occupational risks, highlighting the role played by hospital management in their management. In addition, the responsibility of both the administration, who must assume a role in the implementation of safety measures, and health personnel, who must comply with protection measures to prevent occupational diseases and accidents, is emphasized.
University students and cyberpolitical practices on twitter, case: presidential elections in Colombia 2018
The article investigates Twitter’s influence on Colombia’s 2018 presidential campaign, focusing on young university students as key actors in the development of digital nationalities. Through surveys, focus groups and detailed content analysis, central issues for youth were addressed, such as peace, employment, environment, education, gender, and politics. The results highlight how Twitter becomes a space where political discussion is transformed into entertainment, which hides the boundaries between rational arguments and polarized opinions. This dynamic contributes to the creation of prejudiced groups, where information is compartmentalized, and a fragmented reality is created. Despite the increasing use of Twitter by young people to inform themselves about political issues, the data reflect a skeptical view of the real power of the platform to generate substantial change or promote authentic political pluralism. In this context, political campaigns on Twitter are perceived as strategies that exploit emotions and polarize opinions, rather than presenting viable solutions to social problems. In addition, young people, aware of these dynamics, use Twitter mainly to interact with issues that interest them, but not always to make informed political decisions, due to distrust of media discourses. The research also reveals that social media, while facilitating access to information, does not always promote constructive debate. The campaigns of the main contenders in the election used the platform to position themselves and connect with young people. However, the results indicate that, in many cases, the expectations of the students were not reflected in the proposals presented, generating disenchantment with the political promises.
Revista Científica Estelí, special edition: Together in strengthening Research and Innovation
Copyright (c) 2024 Revista Científica Estelí https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Richness, abundance and diversity of birds in anthropized and non-anthropized ecosystems of the Nicaraguan dry corridor
Forests are important for the maintenance of species diversity and global climate regulation. The tropical dry forest is one of the most diverse and most threatened forest ecosystems, especially by agricultural expansion. We compared the richness, abundance and diversity of bird communities in anthropized and non-anthropized habitats of the Nicaraguan dry corridor: three agro-ecosystems with water-harvesting crops, dry forest dominated by Quercus segoviensis Liebm and riparian forest. A total of 2,155 individuals distributed in 106 taxa and 34 families were observed. The Tyrannidae family was the most represented with 207 individuals and 16 taxa. The most abundant feeding guild in the three agro-ecosystems was insectivorous, and also in the oak forest, while in the riparian forest, it was frugivorous. The three agro-ecosystems had more similar bird taxa composition and bird food guild composition than the two less anthropized systems. Three species of high conservation priority were documented. The broad mosaic of anthropized systems has an additive effect on the bird community in the Nicaraguan dry corridor.
The methodological route implemented by the Higher Center for Tax Studies of the General Directorate of Revenues (DGI) of Nicaragua for the development of human talent. 2013-2023
Human resources management in the Nicaraguan public sector has evolved towards a comprehensive training of human talent, aligned with the modernization of public management, and within the framework of strategic planning, which defines an approach based on competencies and continuous training. The objective of this article is to describe the methodological route used by the General Directorate of Revenue (GDR) for the development of human talent, and the main results obtained during the period 2013-2023. This research is non-experimental and descriptive, with a qualitative philosophical approach. The study universe is constituted by 400 collaborators of the GDR. the sample is non-probabilistic and is focused on the collaborators who have been part of the training programs coordinated by the Higher Center for Tax Studies (HCTS) and the categories recruitment, selection and development of human resources are addressed. Three types of data collection techniques were applied: documentary research, interview and focus group. The main results show that the GDR has adopted an approach focused on the comprehensive training of its personnel to meet institutional objectives. The training of civil servants in the GDR, coordinated by the HCTS, follows a methodological route that includes competency-based selection, performance evaluation and continuous training. The methodology applied has made it possible to train competent human capital committed to continuous improvement, strengthening public management and contributing to the country’s socioeconomic development. Between 2013 and 2023, significant improvements have been observed in the performance of civil servants and institutional efficiency. It is concluded that training faces challenges such as the need for specific technical training and continuous programs adapted to labor demands.
Competitive strategies applied by clothing and footwear companies for their commercial positioning in the city of Estelí, Nicaragua
Strategies for market positioning have the purpose of achieving that a company has a clear, competitive and profitable position in relation to its competitors. This research was carried out in the city of Estelí in the period 2022-2024, in clothing and footwear businesses registered in the Municipal Mayor’s Office. The objective of the study was to evaluate the competitive strategies for positioning implemented in this commercial sector. The study was justified by its convenience, theoretical value, practical utility, and social relevance. Methodologically, it is an applied research, non-experimental, and with a mixed approach, since it involves quantitative and qualitative data analysis. The study universe of 250 businesses and 83,461 inhabitants, between 15 and 64 years of age, considered as consumers. The sample included 53 businesses, whose owners were surveyed, interviewed and observed, and 68 consumers were surveyed and interviewed. The main results indicate that many businesses do not clearly define their target market, there are weaknesses in inventory management and control, insufficient knowledge of their competitors, and little strength in the application of virtual and promotional strategies, differentiation, promotional mix and point-of-sale display. Consumers consider that products are offered according to the needs and types of customers, but many do not offer added value to their service, nor unique or novel products, and insufficient advertising and promotions. It is concluded that even when businesses indicate that they have competitive advantages, they do not maximize them as elements of differentiation based almost only on price, quality and type of product, which affects the effectiveness of positioning strategies and customer loyalty, causing that most consumers are indifferent to purchase products in any business because they do not perceive any difference between them.
Methodological strategies and didactic and pedagogical resources implemented by professors in the subject of Musical Language at UNAN-Managua. Nicaragua
The study carried out at the National Autonomous University of Nicaragua (UNAN-Managua) analyzes the effectiveness of the methodological strategies and didactic resources used by teachers in the subject of Musical Language in the Pedagogy Career with Mention in Musical Education. The main objective is to identify the strategies and resources implemented to strengthen students’ musical reading and writing skills. The research, with a qualitative and cross-sectional approach, included interviews, focus groups and non-participant observations. Six students and five teachers, selected by convenience, participated. Data were collected on the strategies used in teaching reading, writing and vocal tuning. The results showed that traditional methods based on repetition and the use of the piano predominate, with little integration of technological resources such as metronomes, virtual synthesizers and music editing programs. Among the main findings, diverse teaching strategies were identified, but a lack of methodological diversity and a limited use of ICT were highlighted. Students showed difficulties in vocal intonation and score reading, attributed in part to the lack of innovative tools and dynamic methodologies. In addition, classroom infrastructure and teacher training in the use of ICT were found to be critical areas requiring improvement. The conclusions underline the need to diversify methodological strategies and expand the use of technological didactic resources to improve the teaching-learning process of Musical Language. The integration of digital technologies and more dynamic and interactive methods are recommended to enrich the educational experience and foster greater student motivation and participation. The continuous training of teachers in the use of ICT is essential to modernize and make more effective the teaching of Musical Language, thus ensuring more significant and lasting results in the musical education of students.
Proposal of a methodology for the evaluation of the competency-based curriculum at UNAN-Managua, Nicaragua
The purpose of the study was to present a methodological proposal for the competency-based curriculum evaluation system at the National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, Managua (UNAN-Managua), as a contribution to the strengthening of educational quality. This was based on the application of the mixed approach, of transversal character, with a descriptive and explanatory scope. It is also a case study carried out at the Regional University Center, Estelí (CUR-Estelí) oriented to the competency-based curriculum evaluation system. Information on the evaluation system was obtained through documentary analysis, surveys, interviews and focus groups. The main findings show that the referent of the evaluation in the University are the competencies, achievement indicators, criteria and learning evidences. The competencies implemented are generic and specific, as well as the basic, professionalizing and integrating curricular components. The participants in the study mentioned weaknesses in evaluation, which need to be addressed for the successful development of the model. This represented the starting point in the elaboration of the proposal for the implementation of the evaluation system of the curricular components at UNAN-Managua, particularly for CUR-Estelí. This, as a pilot experience from the methodological point of view as a guide for the teaching exercise. As a competency-based curriculum is just beginning, it is necessary to monitor the evaluation, since it is a key aspect of the educational process to overcome the limitations that may arise.
Relationship between learning styles and academic performance in university students of UNAN-Managua, Nicaragua
The purpose of the study is to investigate the relationship between students’ learning styles and their academic performance. It was a quantitative research at a descriptive and correlational level. The CHAEA Questionnaire elaborated by Alonso et al. (2002) was administered to a sample of 131 students of Physics, Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Physics-Mathematics of the Knowledge Area of Education, Arts and Humanities of the UNAN - Managua. The results show that the predominant learning styles with high preference are theoretical, reflective and pragmatic. The active style in all the careers occupied the last position with low preference. Regarding academic performance, it was found that students whose learning style is Theoretical, Pragmatic and Active obtained the highest. Females stood out for using the Theoretical and Pragmatic style, and males the Reflective and Pragmatic style, both with high preference. The nonparametric ANOVA and Spearman’s correlation showed that there is no relationship between learning style and performance in Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Physics-Mathematics. On the other hand, the nonparametric ANOVA did show a difference between learning style and the performance obtained by the Physics students. It is concluded that for the sample studied the learning style was not a determining factor in achieving good academic performance, but it provides valuable information to understand that students in their academic work have characteristics of more than one learning style in their learning process.
Learning environments and pedagogical mediation in higher education. Experience of the Early Childhood Education career at UNAN-Managua, CUR-Estelí. Nicaragua
Learning environments are resources designed by the teacher to facilitate learning. This requires the creation of strategies in correspondence with the different types of environment and the construction of meaningful learning. The objective of this study was to identify the learning environments developed in the Early Childhood Education course at CUR-Estelí. The paradigm used was interpretative and the approach was qualitative; this allowed the collection of information about the problem under study from different sources. The study is non-probabilistic and intentional. Observation, interview and focus group were used as data collection techniques. The findings indicate that the teachers conceive the environments as areas created for learning, as well as highlighting their importance in the formation of the students. They have designed their own environments based on the teaching experience they have acquired in the facilitation of subjects and components, which allows the use of varied strategies in the pedagogical and digital spaces. Pedagogical mediation contributes to the construction of the environments and the strengthening of the teaching work. It is concluded that the learning environments created efficiently and under a mediated process from the three treatments of mediation, and the didactic planning performed by the teacher, contribute to the quality of education and facilitation in a creative and innovative way.
Generic competencies for the professional practices of students of Economic Sciences of the CUR-Estelí of the UNAN-Managua
The professional training practices are part of the curricula of the different careers of UNAN Managua and are conceptualized as “a student academic practice, which contributes to consolidate the knowledge, skills and abilities acquired by the students, as well as the development of attitudes and values” (UNAN-Managua, 2011, p. 68). They have the objective of interdisciplinary linking the student to his or her future field of work. However, these competencies formed at the University sometimes do not correspond to those demanded in the Internship Centers, therefore, the objective of the article is to contrast the competencies formed with the competencies demanded, which allows prioritizing the development of the generic competencies necessary for the working world. The approach used is quantitative, because quantitative data were collected and analyzed based on Likert scale variables of generic competencies determined by the Tuning Latin America Project. Applied, because it compares the generic competencies formed with the competencies demanded in graduates of the Economic Sciences careers of CUR Estelí/UNAN Managua. Descriptive, because it describes the attitudes of graduates and employers. Cross-sectional, because the information was collected in the year 2020. It was concluded that when contrasting the competencies trained with the competencies demanded, there is much coincidence between the most important and the least important for the two groups surveyed (graduates and employers). Ten generic competencies were found to be the most important and 5 generic competencies were found to be the least important in the world of work and in the training of graduates.
The role of class study in initial teacher education in mathematics
Class study has established itself as a powerful tool for the development of professional teacher education, not only in Japan but throughout the world, allowing each country to adapt it to their contexts and needs. This article examines the influence of classroom study on trainee mathematics teachers during their professional practices. An exploratory study with a qualitative approach was carried out, in which, through field observations and interviews, the experience of two fifth year students of the Mathematics career of the Area of Education, Arts and Humanities of the UNAN-Managua, in the first semester of 2023, is synthesized. At the end of the class study cycle, it was evident that this process generated opportunities for the participants to actively collaborate in the preparation and analysis of the classes, thus strengthening teamwork and promoting a change of mentality oriented to the development of mathematical thinking in high school students. Although it was their first experience, the classroom study demonstrated its great potential to foster knowledge, teaching-learning resources and collaboration during professional practices, highlighting the need to generate similar opportunities in initial teacher education.
Learning temperature and heat content: a competency-based approach for physics-mathematics undergraduate students
This article assesses the incidence of strategies for learning Temperature and Heat from a Competency-Based Approach, in Physics-Mathematics students (2016 plan) of the UNAN - Managua. In this sense, the research is of qualitative approach and cross-sectional type, with a sample of 43 individuals. As data collection techniques, a documentary review guide was applied to the subject program and didactic plans, a pretest to 12 students, from the regular shift (control group) and to 29 students from the professionalization shift (experimental group) and an interview guide to 2 professors with experience in facilitating knowledge of the subject. The results indicate that students have difficulties in interpreting the concepts of temperature and heat in contextualized phenomena. Likewise, it was recognized that teachers use methodologies that refer to traditionalist approaches, which leads to the scarce use of experimental activities. The analysis of the information obtained from the application of the instruments allowed the design of a proposal with strategies such as Project Based Learning, Gowin’s V, Problem Solving, Experimental Practical Work, Simulations and Modeling. Afterwards, an intervention was made and, at the end, a focal guide was applied to the experimental group and a post-test questionnaire to both groups. The above evidenced that students can define the concepts concerning thermal phenomena. In addition, they show scientific skills such as the explanation of contextualized situations, the realization of frontal experiences, the use of simulators and the construction of simple models that relate theory with scientific practice. Based on the above, the use of dynamic strategies focused on the conceptual change of thermal phenomena and directed to the development of competences is recommended.
Effectiveness of the CoCoA computational system for the organization of oral and written thinking
In the current context dominated by the digital era, computational systems have established themselves as a fundamental tool in various fields of human communication, ranging from programming to the development of artificial intelligence and virtual assistants. The objective of the study was to analyze how the Computer Algebra System CoCoA influences the structuring of verbal and written discourse of Mathematics students at the National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, Managua (UNAN-Managua) in its Regional University Center of Estelí (CUR-Estelí). Using a mixed, descriptive and cross-sectional approach, where surveys were applied to a sample of 13 students and 8 professors. The results revealed a positive perception among students, who value CoCoA for its ability to strengthen computational thinking skills and facilitate the resolution of complex mathematical problems. However, a significant gap was identified: many teachers lack sufficient knowledge about this tool. This disparity underscores the urgency of implementing teacher training programs to effectively integrate CoCoA into the educational curriculum, thus promoting a more equitable and beneficial use of this technology in mathematics learning. In conclusion, CoCoA represents a crucial opportunity to improve both the understanding and expression of mathematical thinking, but its successful implementation requires a firm commitment from educational institutions to bridge the digital divide and maximize its educational impact.
Artificial intelligence (AI) in university education. Challenges for professors of UNAN-Managua/CUR Estelí in its use to facilitate learning processes
Artificial intelligence (AI) and its applications are increasingly high-impact tools and their implementation in the various branches of science, and in education, especially at the university level, emerges as a strategy that allows teachers to streamline their work, from the fact of planning, facilitation of learning and evaluation, but in turn is a challenge for them, who must have the digital technology skills to take advantage of it. This article focused on determining the mastery and use of AI applications by academics of the National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, Managua UNAN Managua, of the Estelí Regional University Center, CUR Estelí, and how they are used by them in planning, class facilitation, evaluations, report writing, etc. The study was based on the use of AI applications by academics of the National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, Managua UNAN Managua, of the Estelí Regional University Center, CUR Estelí. The study was based on a mixed research approach, using qualitative and quantitative techniques and instruments to obtain data, collected through an online survey and interviews with key informants, as well as documentary analysis of different articles related to the topic. As a result, most of the professors use AI in a basic way, to elaborate some material or work guides, but it is not implemented to develop contents or make evaluations of the learning process, this because they have not developed the digital technological competence and there is some fear in using it with the students. Concluding in this way that it is a challenge for professors to incorporate AI in their teaching activities and all that this implies.
Socio-educational interventions with children of migrant parents: a documentary review
Parental migration and the delegation of care of children by some relatives are decisions assumed by parental representatives, but they are intertwined in a social reality that involves the entire family dynamics in the present and future of children and adolescents, reaching their socio-educational effects, the student and psychosocial development when there are no strategies to meet the challenges involved in the care and protection of children who stay behind ( Camué Torres, Milán Morales, Pérez Gutiérrez, & Rivera Rodón, 2024). Hence, the present article aims to describe socioeducational interventions with children of migrant parents, from research conducted in the period 2011-2024. Methodologically, it comprises a documentary review from various bibliographic sources including Theses and unpublished review and field research articles, in Spanish language, using the PRISMA method (J. Page , et al., 2021). The most significant findings developed in this regard in these investigations were grouped into three thematic areas: studies with proposals for interventions, studies at the level of reflections and guidelines for future interventions and studies focused on the effectiveness of interventions. We conclude by highlighting the lack of studies with socio-educational interventions with children of migrant parents, with the only existing studies being proposals, guidelines and reflections for future interventions in countries receiving migrant families. Finally, research focused on socio-educational interventions with children of migrant parents in the country of origin is recommended.
Organizational proposal of the Ecomuseo Vivo as a tourism development alternative for the social participation of the territories of the UNESCO Global Geopark Río Coco Madriz, Nicaragua
This article presents an organizational proposal of the Ecomuseo Vivo as a tourism development alternative for the social participation of the territories declared UNESCO World Geopark Rio Coco Madriz, Nicaragua. A descriptive study with a cross-sectional qualitative approach was developed. The study area consisted of five communities: Totogalpa, Somoto, San Lucas, Las Sábanas and San José de Cusmapa. Observation guides, surveys and interviews were applied, and 39 key actors of the tourism activity participated in the workshops. In this space, the favorable impact of the Ecomuseums was reflected upon and how this organizational proposal contributes to the sustainability of the aforementioned category, taking into account two factors, one oriented towards heritage education, and the other oriented towards cultural, social and economic growth in the communities. The main findings show how the characteristics that were identified in the natural heritage of the Geopark determine its meaning and relevance for the territory, from its scientific, cultural, educational value because it provides unique information about the past, present and future of the planet. In addition, the organizational proposal to create Living Eco-museums as an alternative to tourism development is important for several reasons: Living Eco-museums aim to preserve and enhance the cultural and natural heritage of a given region, actively involve the community in all stages of the process, from planning to implementation and management of the project. This promotes community ownership of their heritage and their voices, knowledge and traditions are recognized and valued. Community participation also fosters pride and a sense of belonging, strengthens social structures, and enlivens collaboration among diverse local stakeholders, which in conclusion is the main purpose and sentiment for maintaining the aforementioned status.
Editorial special edition: Together in strengthening Research and Innovation
Quantitative Analysis of Environmental Indicators in South American Countries for 2020: Trends and Associations
The analysis of environmental indicators is fundamental to understand relationships between society and environment, especially in a region of contrasts such as South America. The objective of the research was to quantitatively analyze trends and associations between environmental indicators in South America with 2020 data, applying multivariate statistical tests. Data reported by the World Bank on air pollutant emissions and natural resource use and management were collected. The trends of the indicators and their associations were analyzed descriptively by multivariate correlation. The results highlighted the contribution of pollutant emissions from Argentina and Brazil (64.9%), with a majority in nitrous oxide and methane. Colombia and Venezuela contributed 8.3 and 9.3 % respectively, with CO2 and methane being the most important. The largest freshwater withdrawals were from Argentina and Brazil (65.5 %). Venezuela has the highest percentage of protected areas (39.0 %) and Uruguay has 80.4 % of its land as agricultural. The indicators of pollution are directly associated (moderate to perfect), the indicators of resource use and management have a low association, with the exception of water extraction, protected areas and agricultural land (moderate) and agricultural land and protected areas (high inverse). Among the groups, only indicators of air pollution and water extraction had very high direct relationships. It is concluded that greenhouse gas emissions are directly associated with each other, but not with the use of natural resources, with the exception of water extraction; likewise, the inverse relationship between protected areas and agricultural lands is evident.
Beef (Bos taurus x indicus) maturation time on sensory characteristics and useful life applying dry salting
Currently, Ecuador has low competitiveness as a result of the low level of technification to which national beef producers are subject, due to the lack of methods that help conserve quality and improve organoleptic characteristics. For this reason, the project proposed using 4 maturation times (15, 30, 45 and 60 days) at a temperature of ± 4°C using the Dry Aged Beef maturation method, to determine, through sensory analysis, the time that best preserves its organoleptic characteristics. Physical-chemical analyses were performed on the raw meat cut which obtained: 6 pH and 70 °Dornic (0.07%) acidity, the microbiological analyses presented values <10 CFU/g estimating absence of fecal coliforms, E. Coli and Salmonella, both parameters were compared with the NTE INEN 1338:2012 standard indicating that their values are within the established range. The sensory judges chose treatment 2 (30 days of maturation) as the sample with the best organoleptic characteristics (color, odor, flavor and texture). The meat with 30 days of maturation presented < 10 CFU/g, which can be estimated as absence of growth at the lowest dilution used for fecal coliforms, E. coli, Clostridium perfringens and Salmonella, considering 30 days of shelf life for the final product.
Technological process for obtaining nutritious flour from seeds of “Artocarpus camansi”
The article addresses the underutilization of Chestnut “Artocarpus camansi” seeds in Nicaragua, a nutritional resource that, despite its potential, has not been adequately exploited. This problem limits opportunities to improve food security and diversify the local economy. The main objective was to develop a technological process to convert these seeds into flour, a product that could offer both nutritional and economic benefits. The methodology employed was carried out in the Agroindustrial Process Salon of the Observatory of Quality of Life (OCAVIDES) at the National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, Regional University Center of Chontales (UNAN-CUR-Chontales, Managua), and consisted of the processes of peeling, milling, drying and sieving of seeds collected in El Ayote, Autonomous Region of the Southern Caribbean Coast. The flour obtained was characterized at the Food Laboratory (LABAL), revealing a high protein content (9.92%) and a low-fat content (4.36%), which makes it an excellent source of vegetable protein. This study is relevant because this flour not only offers significant nutritional benefits, but also promotes a sustainable use of natural resources by reducing seed waste. In addition, it contributes to economic diversification in Nicaragua by generating additional income for farmers and producers, and opens new market opportunities by being included in food processing. This integrated approach demonstrates the importance of harnessing local resources to improve the quality of life and foster sustainable economic development in rural communities.
Multilevel direct selling: socio-demographic profile, reasons for entry and personal strategies of affiliated Mexican female workers
This research presents the socio-demographic characteristics and investigates the reasons for joining and the marketing strategies implemented by a sample of women working in the Multilevel Direct Selling (MLV) business. The work is descriptive with a qualitative approach and a Configurational perspective. Twenty women affiliated to two VDM companies in Querétaro, Mexico were interviewed in depth. Some of the results of this study show that: a) the interviewees have a high level of education, which is a relevant difference with respect to other research in Latin America and the world; b) the most important reason for entering this industry is to consider it a “good business”; c) five main types of marketing strategies developed by the participants were detected. Although the VDM model could be considered a “good business model”, the findings show that it generates significant risks (economic, psychosocial, among others) for the affiliates. Thus, the VDM model reinforces the vulnerability of women for whom not even high schooling is a guarantor of a decent income and non-precarized working conditions.
Technology-mediated didactic strategy to strengthen the learning of combined operations in seventh grade
This article analyzes the use of ICT in secondary education, with the objective of developing a didactic proposal to improve the learning of combined operations with integers, using the OpeCombi application. This study was carried out with seventh grade students of the Ramón Matus Acevedo Institute, in the municipality of Jinotepe, department of Carazo, during the first semester of the 2023 school year. OpeCombi was designed on the App Inventor platform and adapted to the mathematics macro pedagogical unit for this level. The research used an applied methodology, with a non-experimental design and a mixed approach, based on the pragmatic paradigm, cross-sectional. The population consisted of 95 students, 48 of whom were selected by means of a probabilistic sampling. For data collection, a survey was applied, the results of which were analyzed by means of analysis and synthesis techniques. The results revealed a high level of appropriation of conceptual learning and a significant percentage of procedural learning, evidencing the effective application of the concepts in concrete situations.
Impact of social phobia in students from 15 to 18 years old of the Colegio Cristiano Gamaliel of Managua
The article investigated the prevalence and effects of social phobia among students from 15 to 18 years old of the Colegio Cristiano Gamaliel of Managua during the period from September to November 2023. The general objective of the study was to identify the impact of social phobia in the students of the Colegio Cristiano Gamaliel. The research had a fundamentally quantitative, descriptive approach, with a non-experimental design that included the application of questionnaires and observations to collect data from a random sample of 88 students of the school. The results show a high prevalence of social phobia among the students, particularly fear of public speaking, which negatively affects their performance in academic and social situations. Females and students of lower socioeconomic status are more likely to experience social phobia. The study underscores the need to implement interventions to help students overcome social phobia and improve their academic and social functioning. In addition, the results are consistent with previous research on the impact of social phobia on students’ academic and social outcomes.
Quality of patient care at the Specialized Dental Unit, Hospital Militar Escuela “Dr. Alejandro Dávila Bolaños”
The objective of this article is to evaluate the quality of patient care at the specialized dental unit, Hospital Militar Escuela “Dr. Alejandro Dávila Bolaños”. This is a descriptive, quantitative, cross-sectional and prospective study carried out at Hospital Militar Escuela “Dr. Alejandro Dávila Bolaños”. The importance of this study lies in its contribution to the body of knowledge in the field of dentistry and public health, offering concrete data on the situation in a specific context. These findings can serve as a basis for future research or for the implementation of health policies. The information was collected in the specialized dental unit by means of a survey guide. The study universe consisted of 125 patients. The main results show that the prevailing age group is 31 - 40 years old, the predominant gender is female, the dominant origin is urban, the predominant level of education is professional, the patients who attend the most are those insured by the INSS (Social Security Institute). The physical structure, medical equipment, number of collaborators, treatment, information provided, communication, waiting and procedure time and the service provided are excellent. Patients were satisfied with the care provided.
Events related to patient care at the Hospital Militar Escuela “Dr. Alejandro Dávila Bolaños” of Nicaragua
The safety of health care provided to the user is a fundamental dimension of quality. Adverse events can serve as an indicator to verify whether the improvement actions carried out by a hospital are effectively translating into results in the quality of the services received by the user. The objective of the study was to describe the events related to patient care reported at the Hospital Militar escuela “Dr. Alejandro Dávila Bolaños” in the period from January 2021 to December 2022. A descriptive observational study was conducted. The research had a quantitative and descriptive approach. The data used were from secondary sources, obtained from the records of the hospital’s quality department. Those reports containing incomplete information were excluded. A total of 1,883 notifications reported during 2021-2022 were analyzed and 191 reports with incomplete data were excluded. The main results show that the annual frequency of notifications increased from 291 notifications in 2021 to 1592 notifications in 2022. Hospitalization areas were the sites of highest occurrence with 57.6%. The highest frequency of adverse events was observed in patients older than 45 years, with 42%. 65.5% of reported events were potential events, 34.3% adverse events and 0.2% sentinel events. Seventy-five percent of the events occurred from Monday to Friday and 25% on weekends. In the three departments Maternal-Child, Clinical and Surgical, 87% of adverse events were reported. The unit dose service personnel reported the most, with 48% of the notifications. The medication category accounted for 68.1% of the reports. The study identified areas of higher concentration of reported events, which could be prioritized to develop improvement plans and future research.
Documentary review on the use of telemedicine in occupational health in Latin America
This document review article aims to explore the potential of telemedicine in the field of occupational health in Latin America and pioneering countries in this field. To this end, information from recent research on the use of this technology in occupational health was compiled and synthesized in order to identify the areas where it is being implemented and to highlight its strengths. The review was carried out through platforms such as Ebsco, Proquest, Jstor, Mendeley and Google Scholar, using MESH terms in Spanish, such as “salud ocupacional” and “telemedicina”. Of a total of 578 studies identified, only 17 met the inclusion criteria related to occupational health, while 561 were excluded. The main results indicate that the expansion of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) has facilitated the implementation of telemedicine services, expanding the coverage of services offered by occupational health companies. This has not only reduced operating costs, but has also increased the competitiveness of the companies. In addition, workers have shown high levels of satisfaction and acceptance of this technology, which has promoted preventive medicine, occupational risk management, occupational health and safety education, and the monitoring of occupational pathologies.
Repository for a responsible sexual behavior in adolescents of the schools of sports initiation in Cuba
The following article aimed to elaborate a repository of audiovisual resources that favor responsible sexual behavior in 7th grade students of the Escuela de Iniciación Deportiva (EIDE) of Holguín province, Cuba. The study is qualitative, descriptive and cross-sectional, and included interviews to 29 students (17 males and 12 females), selected intentionally. The results revealed that 100 % of the students expressed lack of orientation on the subject of sexuality and that few audiovisual resources are used to motivate responsible sexual behavior. A repository of audiovisual resources with didactic cards was designed and a procedure was proposed to apply it based on steps and actions to encourage responsible sexuality in students. The relevance of the repository for the educational orientation of a healthy, responsible and safe sexuality was verified from the interviews conducted with the specialists.
A hierarchical prehispanic settlement in Santa María de Nueva Segovia, Nicaragua, 300 to 995dc
The rescue of archaeological evidence that took place between 2021 and 2022 in the southern part of the municipality of Santa María de Nueva Segovia revealed its ancestral roots expressed in the remains of an ancient settlement documented in an extensive area located between the communities of El Zapotal-Las Brisas and Sipilde on the border between Nicaragua and Honduras. The study, with a multidisciplinary approach, combined archaeology, geology, anthropology and topography; with the objective of documenting the settlement pattern of “Ciudad Perdida” and its possible regional links. Surveys and stratified excavations were carried out that allowed the recovery of significant archaeological material, including 303 structures distributed in four architectural complexes. As a result, the understanding of a complex social organization expressed in the extension and spatial structuring of the settlement, in its construction systems and in its daily practices was obtained. This paper emphasizes the architectural characteristics and those ancestral practices that still survive.