La Revista de Lengua y Literatura es una publicación semestral del Centro de Investigaciones Lingüísticas y Literarias (CILL) del Departamento de Español de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua, Managua (UNAN-Managua). Publica en español artículos científicos, ensayos críticos, avances investigativos y reseñas de libros, relacionados con los ámbitos literario, lingüístico y didáctico. Además, se publicará literatura de creación cuando se considere meritorio.
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua, Managua.
The conceptual metaphors present in the main Central American newspapers
This research is based on the theoretical postulates of Lakoff and Johnson (2009) related to conceptual metaphors, which are studied as figures of thought that are present in various situations of everyday life. This theory shows that metaphors are not exclusive to the literary field, whose function is to decorate language and play a substitutive role. On the contrary, cognitive theories modify the old Aristotelian conception of metaphor and establish the non-distinction between literal and figurative language, especially in the discourse of economics. The purpose of this work was to study the use of conceptual metaphors in the main newspapers of Central America: La Nacion of Costa Rica, La Prensa of Nicaragua, La Prensa Gráfica of Honduras, El Diario de Hoy of El Salvador and Prensa Libre of Guatemala. The corpus under study consisted of 250 texts distributed in 50 articles for each newspaper. With respect to the results, a variety of conceptual metaphors were identified and analyzed so that the study of the Central American economy is linked to the following conceptual fields: physical movement with the term fall, illness with the term injection, prostrate, mental state with collapse, natural disaster with the terms collapse, collapse, navigation and state of the weather with climate and bonanza. This means that economists and journalists resort to figurative language to express the economic reality of Central America.
Copyright (c) 2025 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua, Managua http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Attractors at the Linguistic Levels: A Theoretical Approach to Complex Linguistics
Linguistics is an area in constant development, even more so in a historical period in which new approaches and new linguistic changes have emerged. Traditionally, language is related to fixed rules and structures, however, the most recent proposals indicate that its morphogenesis evolves not always linearly, but chaotically. In this aspect, this descriptive essay inserts the phenomenon of language into the field of complexity from the theory of catastrophes, to expose the issue of strange attractors at the linguistic levels: phonetic, syntactic and lexical. The essay is descriptive in nature and based on a systematic review of specialized literature on the subject. Consequently, it proposes a qualitative theoretical base focused on the three aforementioned points, with particular situations for each section. It is concluded that attractors are found in the linguistic areas of greatest instability such as: allophones, intonations, grammatical gender and prepositions. The above allows us to generate a route for both research and language teaching. It should be noted that, in our Nicaraguan national context, there is still no research from this approach, so this document presents a first approach.
Anti-imperialism in Curipamba by Ángel Felicísimo Rojas
This article aims to analyze the anti-imperialist thought of the Ecuadorian writer Ángel Felicísimo Rojas in his novel Curipamba (1983). In addition, it shows how the narrative work reflects the contemporary socio-political reality, with a particular focus on the tensions and challenges of the struggle against imperialism and the exploitation of Ecuadorian society. For this purpose, a qualitative methodology based on the analysis, critique, evaluation and interpretation of Rojas' literary universe is employed. Likewise, recourse is made to Marxist theoretical postulates on the role of the intellectual in the social function of literature, proposed by Antonio Gramsci (2013) and Bertolt Brecht (1974), who argue that literature must go beyond mere entertainment to play an essential social function. We conclude that, beyond its aesthetic value, the novel is configured as a multifaceted text that acts as a catalyst for discussions on political economy, labor rights and national sovereignty. The consistency in interpreting the work as a powerful social denunciation highlights not only Rojas' narrative skill, but also his deep understanding of the social and economic dynamics of his time.
Poetry reading and cultural perception: a study on the development of global competence and holistic education through literature
This study analyzes how reading Arabic and African poetry modifies high school students' cultural perceptions, linking this change to the strengthening of global competence and holistic education. A phenomenological approach was used, with semi-structured interviews conducted before and after a didactic intervention. Thematic and content analysis revealed a significant shift in participants' cultural perceptions, moving from simplified stereotypes to a more nuanced and respectful understanding. The results suggest that poetry serves as an intersubjective bridge that fosters cultural openness, empathy, and critical thinking. The study highlights the need to accompany reading with guided discussions and contextual research to enhance its educational impact.
Tutorial accompaniment: complementary action in the comprehensive training of students
Tutorial accompaniment is a methodology implemented by teachers to support students in their academic and personal development. The application of tutorial support is organized according to the particularities and needs of the students. For example, for those who achieve better performance levels, it is an opportunity to strengthen specific skills and for those who have difficulties, it allows them to level their learning. In this process, the teacher plays an active role because he/she provides permanent follow-up, creates the learning conditions according to the characteristics of the students and constantly evaluates to identify learning improvement and adjust the strategies applied. Hence, the tutorial accompaniment contributes to develop a greater commitment to training and self-regulation skills. This allows the student to have better tools to face and overcome academic challenges in the following levels.
Implications of using AI for developing communicative competence in university students
Higher education in Nicaragua is undergoing a transformation process in accordance with new pedagogical and scientific trends. The inclusion of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the work of IES is a necessity in a context that demands professionals with high technical, scientific, human and communicative capacities. Therefore, this paper aims to reflect on the implications of the use of AI in higher education, especially for the development of students' communication skills. The text is structured in three sections. The first reflects on the relevance of communicative competence in students, mainly as the basis for academic and professional development in multilingual scenarios. The second addresses the notion of digital literacy in the university context, specifies the skills demanded in the new knowledge society and the role of teachers. The third presents a proposal for the inclusion of AI-assisted tools for the development of language skills, mainly language learning, virtual assistance, online tutoring, academic writing and the systematization of scientific information. It concludes by raising the need to continue adopting new technological trends to the higher education system, especially to the learning processes, teacher training and institutional management of IES.
Metodologías activas e inteligencia artificial generativa en el desarrollo de habilidades del siglo XXI en el quinto ciclo de educación secundaria regular
Learning is a key element in any educational process, and the development of new technologies, including artificial intelligence, allows us to ask ourselves how we are linking ourselves to this new reality. This paper aims to present a photograph in an educational institution that is inserted in the use of generative artificial intelligences linked to active methodologies in the third cycle of secondary education. The methodology used is qualitative to explore the perceptions and interests regarding the familiarity with which generative artificial intelligences are used. Focus groups were conducted with students, interviews with teachers, and a survey was applied to students in the fifth cycle. Among the most significant results is that AI increases the interest and participation of students in the classroom, generating more dynamic learning environments. However, there are barriers related to teacher resistance and fear of technology dependency. Teacher training plays a key role in breaking down these barriers and ensuring appropriate use by the student population.
The student debate forum: an integrative strategy for training future teachers
The students of the Hispanic Language and Literature career are training to be teachers. This implies the development of competences that allow them to function orally and in writing. The strategy of the student forum-debate has been developed since 2020, however, until 2022 it was decided to collect information to confirm through the perception of the students regarding their contribution in their training process. For this, a mixed methodology was applied with the application of surveys and interviews with the students. The results show that there is a very positive acceptance by the students, who express that the strategy contributed to improve their written and oral expression. Also, it is reflected that the learning objectives that were intended with the forum-debate the students performed very well. With this it is concluded that the forum-debate is a valid strategy for the formation of competences in students.
<div id="tw-container" class="nev7se" data-cp="1" data-nnttsvi="1" data-ntl-fpwrite="true" data-sletp="false" data-sm="1" data-ssbp="false" data-sugg-time="500" data-sugg-url="https://clients1.google.com/complete/search" data-uilc="es" data-vil=",af,af-ZA,am,am-ET,ar-EG,ar-AE,ar-KW,ar-QA,ar,ar-IL,ar-JO,ar-LB,ar-PS,az,az-AZ,bg,bg-BG,bn,bn-BD,bn-IN,ca,ca-es,cs,cs-CZ,de,de-DE,de-CH,de-AT,de-LI,en,en-US,en-CA,en-AU,en-NZ,en-GB,en-IN,en-KE,en-TZ,en-NG,en-GH,en-PH,en-ZA,es,es-ES,es-AR,es-UY,es-419,es-BO,es-CL,es-CR,es-CO,es-DO,es-EC,es-GT,es-HN,es-NI,es-PA,es-PE,es-PR,es-PY,es-SV,es-VE,es-MX,es-US,eu,eu-ES,fi,fi-FI,fr,fr-FR,fr-CH,fr-BE,gl,gl-ES,gu,gu-IN,he,he-IL,iw,iw-IL,hu,hu-HU,hy,hy-AM,id,id-ID,is,is-IS,it,it-IT,it-CH,ja,ja-JP,jv,jv-ID,ka,ka-GE,km,km-KH,kn,kn-IN,ko,ko-KR,la,lo,lo-LA,lv,lv-LV,ml,ml-IN,mr,mr-IN,ms,ms-MY,nl,nl-NL,nb,nb-NO,ne,ne-NP,pl,pl-PL,pt,pt-BR,pt-PT,ro,ro-RO,ru,ru-RU,si-LK,sk,sk-SK,sr,sr-RS,su,su-ID,sv,sv-SE,sw,sw-TZ,sw-KE,ta,ta-IN,ta-SG,ta-LK,ta-MY,te,te-IN,tr,tr-TR,ur,ur-PK,ur-IN,yue,yue-HK,yue-Hant-HK,zh-HK,zh,zh-CN,zh-cmn,zh-cmn-CN,zh-Hans,zh-Hans-CN,zh-cmn-Hans,zh-cmn-Hans-CN,cmn-CN,cmn-Hans,cmn-Hans-CN,zh-TW,zh-Hant-TW,cmn-TW,cmn-Hant-TW,zh-cmn-TW,zh-cmn-Hant-TW,zu,zu-ZA,hi,hi-IN,tl,tl-PH,pa,pa-IN"> According to the coroner's report, the body found that morning in the bushes by a stream had been dead for 72 hours and was beginning to decompose. Neighbors alerted authorities when they noticed, in the distance, the swarming of carrion birds, which had already begun to vie for viscera and intestines.
Winners of the Joaquín Pasos poetry contest
He doesn't cry. He's a man, and men don't cry. He gets up at four in the morning to clean his slippers, mend his pants, but he doesn't cry because he's a man, and men don't cry.
Review of the poetic work Verses in Steely Skin by Mabel Gaitán Baltodano
In the world of poetry, each piece of writing is a gateway to surprising universes, brimming with profound feelings that invite reflection. Proof of this is Mabel Catalina Gaitán Baltodano, a Nicaraguan writer born in 1982 in the beautiful city of Managua, Nicaragua. Her emotions materialize in her poetry collection "Verses in Steely Skin," in which she expresses a myriad of emotions through a collection of verses that immerse us in the intricate web of loneliness, love, loss, and longing, capturing intimate and profound moments of human experience. In this way, Gaitán Baltodano displays a literary style filled with poetry that intertwines memories, emptiness, and the inescapable transformations of existence, offering her followers an intimate and moving journey inward. <pre id="tw-target-text" class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" dir="ltr" data-placeholder="Traducción" data-ved="2ahUKEwjdjoWFh--NAxWnQzABHXklBoUQ3ewLegQICRAV" aria-label="Texto traducido: In the world of poetry, each piece of writing is a gateway to surprising universes, brimming with profound feelings that invite reflection. Proof of this is Mabel Catalina Gaitán Baltodano, a Nicaraguan writer born in 1982 in the beautiful city of Managua, Nicaragua. Her emotions materialize in her poetry collection "Verses in Steely Skin," in which she expresses a myriad of emotions through a collection of verses that immerse us in the intricate web of loneliness, love, loss, and longing, capturing intimate and profound moments of human experience. In this way, Gaitán Baltodano displays a literary style filled with poetry that intertwines memories, emptiness, and the inescapable transformations of existence, offering her followers an intimate and moving journey inward.">t invite reflection. Proof of this is Mabel Catalina Gaitán Baltodano, a Nicaraguan writer born in 1982 in the beautiful city of Managua, Nicaragua. Her emotions materialize in her poetry collection "Verses in Steely Skin," in which she expresses a myriad of emotions through a collection of verses that immerse us in the intricate web of loneliness, love, loss, and longing, capturing intimate and profound moments of human experience. In this way, Gaitán Baltodano displays a literary style filled with poetry that intertwines memories, emptiness, and the inescapable transformations of existence, offering her followers an intimate and moving journey inward.
“Anthology of an Intangible Love” by Martha Ling Hui: A love letter for the 21st century
When the book “Anthology of an Intangible Love” fell into my hands, I found the author’s surname, Ling Hui, curious. I thought: is she of Asian origin? The afternoon I received the book, it was raining, and I asked myself, when has love been tangible? Mora (2018) points out that “It is worth saying that there is no evidence that unicellular organisms, viruses, or subatomic particles love” (p. 1), which indicates that no matter how much love is attributed to being tangible, it goes beyond a physical quality. Intangible love is that immaterial force that unites particles even if they are separated by stars and galaxies.
The simple preterites in the writing of Miskito students of Medicine UNAN- Managua
This research focuses on the learning of Spanish as a second language, essentially, in the grammatical area, related to the use of the verb in Spanish. Its purpose is to identify the problems in the use of the simple preterite of the indicative mood in the written expression presented by the Miskito students of the Medicine career of the UNAN- Managua. The methodology is qualitative and exploratory. The technique used was participant observation, and the instrument used was a written test based on a narrative text and several open questions proposed to the students, based on the use of the two simple preterite tenses. The sample consisted of six participants. The identification of difficulties in the use of the simple preterites shows as results that Miskito students show difficulties in calligraphy, which makes it difficult to understand their writin. They also present spelling mistakes, both literal and accentual. Likewise, they tend to confuse the verb with other grammatical categories such as the noun, the adjective, and with the non-personal forms of the verb such as the infinitive. In addition, it is impossible for them to understand what is oriented in the different activities. This situation arises because understanding the use of the simple tenses is difficult for students whose mother tongue is not Spanish. This prevents them from answering correctly, so they resort to false selection, without considering the coherent and logical sense between words.
Copyright (c) 2024 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua, Managua http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Incidencia de la lengua materna y factores extralingüísticos en el desarrollo de la competencia sociolingüística del español en hablante plurilingüe
El presente trabajo busca dar respuesta a fenómenos concernientes al aprendizaje de una lengua extranjera tomando en cuenta factores lingüísticos, como la influencia de la lengua materna. De igual forma se consideraron factores emocionales, referidos a la actitud y la motivación frente al nuevo idioma, y los aspectos socioculturales del entorno en el que se desenvuelve el aprendiz. Para alcanzar los objetivos establecidos, se realizó un estudio de caso de un hablante belga plurilingüe (francés y neerlandés como lenguas maternas y dominio del italiano y el inglés) que estuvo en una situación de inmersión para aprender el idioma español. Los resultados obtenidos fueron contrastados con información recopilada de fuentes bibliográficas para tratar de dar respuesta al proceso experimentado por la informante
A reading of social criticism in The False Years of Josefina Vicens: loneliness and simulation
With only two novels, Josefina Vicens managed to position herself within the mexican canon of the 20th century. Their narrative exposes existential topics, such as emptiness, death, life, nothingness, always directing them towards a social critique. This article, focused on Los años falsos, aims to approach the identity crisis that arises when a mexican society immersed in simulation imposes itself on individuals, enveloping them in patriarchal traditions that diminish their condition of uniqueness, making them fall into anguish and inevitable loneliness
Budismo Zen y Taoísmo en la poesía ecológica espiritual de Juan L. Ortiz: una aproximación ética y estética
The article analyzes the poetic work of Juan L. Ortiz through his relationship with Zen Buddhism and Taoism. Ortiz incorporated the philosophy, ethics, and aesthetics of these two schools of thought originated in China and that reached their highest expression in Japan and Korea into his writings. The work highlights that the influence of these two currents in Ortiz’s work is not a simple coincidence, but the poet identified with Zen Buddhism and incorporated it into his writings. The connection with Zen and Taoism allowed Ortiz to develop an ecological-spiritual poetics in which the poet is not only aware of the importance of the natural world, but merges with it and participates in its existence, becoming an extension of rivers, trees, and animals. The text emphasizes that Ortiz expresses a deep concern for ecology, but his way of expressing this feeling is not based on denunciation, but on empathy and compassion, two concepts closely linked to Zen and Taoism.
The Exodus of Yangana: a reflection of the individual, the theater and society in the work of Ángel Felicísimo Rojas
The purpose of this essay is to analyze the individual, the theater and society in Éxodo de Yangana by Ángel Felicísimo Rojas. To do so, we base ourselves on the figure of the individual in the aforementioned novel. In this area we see how his characters interpret relationships that build a worthy and fair imaginary of an egalitarian society. To this, we add how the theater symbolizes a catharsis and an escape route for the humiliations that the inhabitants of Yangana receive at the hands of the landowners. Finally, we represent the Yangana society, the one that fights to vindicate its rights, seeking a utopian desire for a better future. Using Michel Foucault's postulates in his theory of the archive, we will study the representation of the individual, theater and society in the novel.
Reading and senses: a way to awaken a taste for poetry
The text presents the results and discussion of an investigation on the taste for reading poetry among Hispanic Language and Literature students. A high percentage of preference for reading in general was identified, although most students showed a preference for narrative over poetry. Only five students enjoy reading poetry, which led to exploring their perceptions and topics of interest. The complexity of poetry, its subjectivity and lack of understanding among young people is discussed, as well as the low preference for erotic poetry, possibly due to taboos and confusions with pornography. The need to promote a broader understanding and deeper appreciation of poetry among students is suggested.
Metafictional reworkings in Central American contemporary poetry
This article addresses metafiction in a corpus of regional poetry in terms of the presentation of referential configurations. The analysis includes the interpretation of each of these metaliterary reconstructions, as well as the establishment of the function that the poetic voice wants to give to each reworking. It is determined that there are reconfigurations of figures in the field of global intellectual culture who are criticized or praised in different ways, while dialogues are established with their ideological proposals, either to criticize or assume them.
Literary competence and enjoyment in 9th grade students
The present research deals with the process of learning lyrical text in middle school students, with the main objective being "To analyze the learning process of the lyrical text in 9th grade students. Qualitative interpretive research was carried out. To Therefore, information was collected with a questionnaire that was analyzed with the Likert scale. When analyzing the questionnaire, it was identified that the students had no interest in lyrical texts, however, they enjoy some texts that catch their attention or that make them feel identified in the reading.
Alexa Livieth García García García García
Evaluation of communicative competence: validity of instruments by expert judgment
Communicative competence is a set of skills, knowledge and strategies for using language in various communicative situations. However, in the field of education, difficulties are observed in the comprehension and production of oral and written discourse by students, due to the formal and unidisciplinary approach to language teaching. Therefore, this article proposes the design of two research instruments based on the validation by expert judgement to measure the state of communicative competence in students and teachers' competences to integrate it in their pedagogical practice. The methodology used corresponds to a basic or documentary study with a descriptive design. The validation by expert judgement was developed according to the method of individual aggregates. The results indicate that the student questionnaire has 95.85% clarity, 96.84% coherence and 96.21% relevance. The main observations are based on the clarification and inclusion of terms, restructuring of items and assessment of the relevance of some concepts. On the other hand, the teachers' questionnaire has 98.13% of clarity, 97.25% of coherence and 98.02% of relevance; the recommendations indicate the need to clarify concepts and change the order of the items. In conclusion, two questionnaires are presented, the first one addressed to students, structured in 33 items with the respective dimensions. The second with 26 items to measure teachers' ability to integrate language skills into teaching practice.
Cultural references in the dubbing into Latin American Spanish of the movies Shrek and Madagascar
The following article focuses on the study of the references to linguistic culture present in two films aimed at children. The objective is to analyze the dubbing into Latin American Spanish of the films Shrek and Madagascar in order to understand how references to linguistic culture are incorporated. The approach of the work is mixed. The technique used was the collection of literature on audiovisual translation, translation techniques and cultural references. The first instrument applied is a checklist with closed "yes" or "no" questions that tracks 72 (Shrek) and 76 (Madagascar) cultural references. The second instrument is the case study that takes 10% of the Shrek referents and 10% of the Madagascar referents to analyze 16 of the referents with the help of an analysis sheet. The results show that idioms are the category with the highest number of references to linguistic culture and that adaptation is the most used translation technique in dubbing. It is concluded that in the incorporation of references to linguistic culture, the preservation of the target culture prevails over the original culture.
Your hand that grows cut in the wind (detective story)
The only way to obtain the information that was on your cell phone was through your fingerprint. Before he died, Jeremy had configured the security of his mobile phone with the three main elements: screen unlock pattern, facial recognition and the fingerprint of the index finger of his right hand. When the news reached the police station, Jack and I were having breakfast. The homicide occurred the night before. Jack ordered a couple of honey waffles and unsweetened black coffee. The victim is assumed to be Jeremy's wife. He had ordered toast with butter, coffee with cream, and fried eggs with bacon. According to the notification, Jeremy also died in the incident
Today is the day, today you will prove to yourself and others that you also know how to flirt with pretty girls. He will come out of his shell and overcome the shyness that has plagued him for years. Just snuggle up in front of the screen alone! You have gotten bored of virtual meetings on the Internet. He has been irritated by the awareness that the years are passing and he still doesn't know how to do it.
Review of «Text revision in the classroom: A guide for the teacher»
Currently there is a wide range of documents in which strategies can be sought to improve the teaching-learning process of secondary level students. Within this range of archives is the book by Celia Zamudio Mesa entitled “Review of texts in the classroom: A guide for the teacher.” This book is presented as a practical and accessible tool to improve the teaching of writing in the classroom
Book review: Text workshop. «Read, write and comment in the classroom». by Daniel Cassany
In the vast universe of reading, writing and commentary, Daniel Cassany emerges as a guide in his work «Taller de Textos. Read, write and comment in the classroom". This book not only invites us to delve into the complexities of written language, but also provides us with practical tools to improve both the comprehension and production of texts. In addition, he is recognized for his deep knowledge of applied linguistics and didactics of writing, which is why he takes you by the hand on a fascinating journey through the various aspects that make up the world of words.
The environmental education in students with discapacity light intellectualy from the process of understanding reader
The educational system forms the man integrally for the life, for what the work that is presented goes directed to the invigoration of the environmental education of the educandos with intellectual discapacidad, from understanding reader, where the designed learning tasks are directed to foresee the consequences that she brings for the society the deterioration of the environment; so that these they cooperate to the taking of conscience on the part of these educandos jointly with the family and the community, as well as that act in consequence to protect the environment of their town. In the measure in that the scholars appropriate of the knowledge with regard to the thematic one that is approached, it will impact in their participation in a conscious way in the protection of the environment. Scientific methods were used as: historical - logical, analysis - synthesis, inductive-deductive, documental analysis, proves pedagogic, interviews, observation, pedagogic experiment, as well as the procedure of the percentage calculation and the descriptive statistic.
Attention to the educational needs of students with hearing disabilities in Higher Education
Students with hearing disabilities are called "deaf" these young people have a functional deficit that occurs when hearing loss is lost to a greater or lesser degree. Therefore, it is required that the didactic process be developed through stimuli, such as visual and/or tactile signals with symbolic meaning, therefore, teachers must promote activities or didactic strategies that develop the ability to experience reality from what is looks and what it feels like for learning to be accomplished successfully. Over the years, research has focused on the basic levels of education and provided a very general recommendation in higher education. Most teachers lack information to serve students with hearing disabilities, few dominate sign language, which affects effective communication between them and their students, therefore the teaching strategies used in class do not respond to the need’s educational activities for the deaf, the teacher plans the activities thinking of the hearing students, on the other hand, the classroom interpreter has little participation in the class preparation process. It is recommended to request specific diagnoses of students with disabilities, so that teachers plan didactic strategies aimed at students in an inclusive manner, the interpreter must participate in the planning processes, prepare didactic material and media, incorporate a component into the study plan optional curricular for future teachers for the care of people with disabilities, opening free courses in sign language for teachers and administrative staff. As a proposal, a manual of didactic strategies that have been compiled as a result of the research process is presented.
Diagnosis of teacher training needs in teaching Spanish as a second language
This research is a diagnosis of the needs for teacher training in the teaching of Spanish as a second language in primary school teachers of a private school in the country, because there are students whose mother tongue is German or English, therefore they should receive a differentiated pedagogical treatment that allows them to acquire the target language. In consideration of the fact that the teachers do not have teacher training in Spanish as L2, which hinders their teaching practice and therefore the learning of the students, the objectives were aimed at identifying the teaching strategies used by the teachers in the teaching process, establishing the relationship between the pedagogical approach and the pedagogical practice developed, and proposing a teacher training plan.The research is qualitative and the sample is non-probabilistic and at convenience, which allowed the implementation of collection techniques and instruments, which facilitated the verification of the teaching practice oriented to the use of teaching strategies, mostly in the mother tongue (L1), with a predominance of practical classes, Another aspect is that there is no relationship between the pedagogical approach and the pedagogical practice developed, however, they use as an essential element of the communicative approach and method, the implementation of information and communication technologies (ICT), which is why at the end it is proposed the participation of all teachers in a training workshop for Spanish as a second language classes.
Neologisms in Latin American modernist poetry: between cosmopolitanism and beauty
The aim of this work is to highlight two characteristic traits of modern Hispano-American poetry that are manifested through neologism: the cosmopolitanism of its works and the search for expressive beauty through new words. To this end, we have identified neologisms present in seven poems by two of the most representative authors of the period: Rubén Darío and Julio Herrera y Reissig. The selection of neologisms followed lexicographic criteria, for which we have referred to dictionaries published on the same date as the poems, using the Nuevo Tesoro Lexicográfico de la Lengua Española (NTLLE). The analysis allows us to demonstrate the importance of neologisms in relation to the most important characteristics of this movement: on one hand, they show the very diversified cosmopolitanism present in these poems, both from European and Oriental cultures, as well as from Antiquity; on the other, they are representative of the aestheticism proposed by Modernism, which retains the perspective of a permanent search for beauty and aesthetic perfection.